(UNITED STATES) The United States has revived the “Remain in Mexico” policy, officially known as the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP), sending certain asylum seekers back to Mexico while their immigration cases move through U.S. courts. The program, reinstated in 2025 under President Trump’s broader immigration reforms, marks a sharp return to a deterrence-first approach at the southern border. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) says the goal is to reduce unlawful crossings, weed out weak asylum claims, and expand cooperation with Mexico, while critics warn the policy places people in harm’s way and strains due process.
Under this new phase—often called “Remain in Mexico 2.0”—migrants who ask for asylum at the border are processed by U.S. officers, handed notices to appear, and then returned to Mexico to await hearings that may occur months or even years later. Many attend hearings via video feed, sometimes from facilities close to the border. Others face travel to border-adjacent sites for in-person or remote sessions.
The administration pairs the program with stepped-up screening and more formal coordination with Mexico to manage daily returns and short-term sheltering. Advocates and legal groups have challenged the revived policy in federal court. Several lawsuits—including AILA v. DHS—argue MPP violates U.S. asylum law, the 1951 Refugee Convention’s protections, and practical access to counsel for people forced to wait outside the United States 🇺🇸.
As of October 2025, the Supreme Court declined to halt enforcement while the appeals continue, leaving thousands in limbo. That legal uncertainty has become a fact of life for border communities, migrants, and U.S. immigration courts already struggling with heavy caseloads.
How MPP 2.0 works
- Migrants are processed at the border, given notices to appear, and returned to Mexico to await hearings.
- Hearings may be:
- Video hearings from newly built or expanded facilities near the border, or
- In-person hearings at border-adjacent sites.
- The administration emphasizes screening and coordination with Mexico for daily returns, shelter placements, and transfers.
The government maintains that initial screenings occur at the border and that the United States still adjudicates the claims, which it says makes MPP 2.0 compliant with U.S. law. Critics counter that the Immigration and Nationality Act envisions meaningful asylum processing inside the country—where people can safely meet attorneys, gather evidence, and attend court without fear.
For the DHS policy framework, see the Department of Homeland Security MPP page.
Key differences from the 2019 rollout
The 2025 version differs in several important ways:
- Broader scope: Now reaches more nationalities, expanding beyond Central America to include many South Americans and some Caribbean nationals.
- Tighter humanitarian exceptions: Fewer people qualify for exclusion, even those with serious vulnerabilities.
- New infrastructure: Video-hearing centers along the Texas and Arizona border aim to speed up dockets.
- Formalized cooperation: A formal “Border Cooperation Framework” with Mexico replaces earlier ad hoc arrangements.
The government says virtual access to legal help exists, but attorneys and nonprofits report uneven connectivity, scarce private space for calls, and limited time to prepare cases.
Humanitarian and safety concerns
Safety remains a core concern. Migrants waiting in northern Mexico face threats from gangs and smuggling networks, including:
- Kidnapping
- Extortion
- Sexual violence
Families often live in makeshift camps or crowded shelters that lack stability and medical care. For parents traveling with toddlers or for teenagers traveling alone, attending hearings can mean choosing between a dangerous journey to a border crossing or risking a missed court date that can lead to swift removal orders.
“These conditions undercut the chance to build a strong claim or gather country-condition evidence,” aid workers say—even for people with well-founded fears of persecution.
Examples cited by aid workers:
– A Venezuelan family returned to a Mexican border city they had never seen, navigating shelter waitlists and curfews while trying to call a pro bono attorney with spotty phone service.
– A Honduran farmworker missed a hearing when his bus was stopped by armed men; he later learned an in absentia removal order had been entered.
Policy changes overview
The administration frames Remain in Mexico as part of a border strategy to:
- Cut illegal entries
- Deter repeat crossings
- Discourage risky journeys run by criminal networks
Officials say waiting in Mexico rather than being paroled into the U.S. removes an incentive smugglers advertise. Analysis by VisaVerge.com also notes the government sees MPP 2.0 as a way to reduce strain on U.S. shelters and speed up hearings through video systems—though real-world results vary by location and caseload.
Key features outlined by the government and reflected in field reports include:
– Return to Mexico after processing for many asylum seekers, with notices directing them to appear for hearings.
– Video hearings conducted from newly built or expanded facilities near the border.
– Formalized coordination with Mexico to manage daily returns, shelter placements, and transfers.
– Narrower humanitarian exceptions, meaning fewer people qualify for exclusion from the program.
Wider effects beyond asylum
MPP 2.0 has ripple effects across visas, education, employment, and the economy:
Education and students:
– University officials report more questions in visa interviews about family ties and post-study plans.
– F-1 and J-1 applicants remain eligible, but some plan itineraries to avoid border-area arrivals.
– International offices advise:
– Keep I-94 travel history, SEVIS records, and school letters current.
– Build extra time into travel plans and coordinate with international student offices.
Employment and consular processing:
– Consulates in Mexico and Central America face heavier strain, causing delays in visa appointments and document scanning.
– Cross-border professionals on USMCA TN visas report cancellations or rescheduling.
– Seasonal employers relying on H-2A and H-2B programs see tighter security checks and longer waits.
– Workers should plan extra time for consular processing and carry complete employment packets.
Economic impacts:
– Limiting humanitarian entries can shrink a segment of the low-wage labor pool in agriculture, construction, and hospitality.
– Employers may lean more on lawful seasonal visas, but caps and timelines don’t always match real-time needs.
– Fewer newcomers paying payroll taxes could reduce short-term contributions.
– Some universities worry uncertainty nudges talented students toward Canada 🇨🇦, Spain, and other destinations.
Legal challenges and access to counsel
Legal groups argue MPP 2.0 makes it harder to access counsel. Even with virtual options, critical barriers persist:
- Unstable internet connections
- Lack of privacy in shelters
- Limited attorney time to prepare cases
- Difficulty finding witnesses or retrieving documents from home while in temporary camps
Missed deadlines or incomplete filings can sink cases that might otherwise meet the legal standard for asylum.
On the legal front, advocates point to:
– The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
– The 1951 Refugee Convention core principle that people should be able to seek asylum without being sent to danger
The split between these positions will likely persist until appellate courts issue final rulings, expected in 2026.
Practical advice for those affected
Practical steps can help people plan through uncertainty:
- For asylum seekers:
- Get qualified legal advice before making claims from outside the U.S.
- Keep all hearing notices and track court dates closely.
- For students and scholars:
- Coordinate with international offices.
- Carry updated funding and enrollment letters.
- Build extra time into travel plans.
- For employers:
- Anticipate consular slowdowns.
- Prepare for changing appointment availability at border posts.
- For families using consular processing:
- Monitor embassy alerts.
- Prepare for possible rescheduling.
Competing perspectives and the road ahead
The broader message of MPP 2.0 centers on enforcement and deterrence. Supporters argue it helps reduce deaths along migration routes and undercuts smugglers who profit from false promises. Critics say it risks sending people with strong claims back into dangerous areas while their cases crawl forward.
These competing views reflect deeper national arguments over how to handle migration—including asylum at the border and legal pathways for workers and students. For now, the Migrant Protection Protocols remain in effect, reshaping life on both sides of the border.
In courtrooms—physical and virtual—the stakes are individual and immense: a grant of protection, a denial, or a missed hearing that can define the future of a family. Remain in Mexico sits at the center of the conversation about which immigration reforms the country will accept, how fast they will happen, and how they will touch students, skilled workers, and families far from the front lines.
Frequently Asked Questions
This Article in a Nutshell
In 2025 the U.S. reinstated the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP), known as Remain in Mexico 2.0, returning certain asylum seekers to Mexico while their U.S. immigration proceedings continue. The program widens the pool of nationalities covered, narrows humanitarian exceptions, and deploys new video-hearing centers near Texas and Arizona. Authorities argue the policy deters unlawful crossings, speeds adjudications, and strengthens coordination with Mexico; advocates counter that it exposes migrants to violence, restricts access to counsel, and may conflict with U.S. asylum law and the 1951 Refugee Convention. Legal challenges, including AILA v. DHS, remain active; the Supreme Court permitted enforcement in October 2025, and appellate decisions are expected in 2026. The policy affects asylum seekers, students, consular processing, seasonal workers, and employers, prompting practical guidance on legal counsel, documentation, and planning.
