Key Takeaways
• TPS ended for over 500,000 people from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela in April 2025.
• Canada’s asylum claims at Quebec border rose 400%, with over 1,300 claims in March 2025.
• U.S. asylum process is slow; Canada offers faster hearings but restricts claims via Safe Third Country Agreement.
Every year, thousands of migrants face tough choices about where to seek safety and a better life. In 2025, a sharp rise in people leaving the United States 🇺🇸 to seek asylum in Canada 🇨🇦 has brought new attention to the differences between these two countries’ approaches to migrants, asylum, and Temporary Protected Status (TPS). Many families and individuals now weigh their options carefully, especially as U.S. policies change and Canada adjusts its own rules and resources. This comparison will help you understand the main differences between seeking asylum in the United States 🇺🇸 and Canada 🇨🇦, including requirements, timelines, costs, pros and cons, and which path might be best for different situations.
Introduction to the Options: Asylum and Temporary Protected Status
Migrants who fear harm in their home countries often look for protection in other countries. Two main options are available in North America:
- Asylum: This is a legal process where a person asks for protection because they fear being harmed in their home country due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.
- Temporary Protected Status (TPS): This is a special status that lets people from certain countries stay in the United States 🇺🇸 for a limited time if their home country is unsafe due to war, natural disaster, or other serious problems.
In 2025, changes in U.S. policy—especially the end of TPS for over half a million people—have pushed many migrants to consider seeking asylum in Canada 🇨🇦 instead. Let’s look at how the two systems compare.
Side-by-Side Analysis: Requirements, Timelines, and Costs
1. Who Can Apply?
- United States 🇺🇸 Asylum:
- Anyone physically present in the U.S. or arriving at a port of entry can apply for asylum.
- Must apply within one year of arrival, with some exceptions.
- Must show a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country.
- TPS is only available to people from certain countries chosen by the U.S. government. As of April 2025, TPS ended for people from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.
- Canada 🇨🇦 Asylum:
- Anyone can claim asylum at a port of entry or online if already in Canada.
- Must show a need for protection due to risk of torture, death, or cruel treatment in their home country.
- The Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) means most people who arrive from the U.S. at an official border crossing cannot claim asylum in Canada, unless they qualify for an exception. However, some try to cross at unofficial points to avoid this rule.
2. Application Process and Timelines
- United States 🇺🇸:
- File Form I-589 (Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal) with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Official form link
- Interview or hearing scheduled, but backlogs can mean waiting several years.
- TPS applications are separate and must be filed during open registration periods for eligible countries.
- Canada 🇨🇦:
- File an asylum claim at the border or online through Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). Official IRCC asylum information
- Initial eligibility interview by Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) or IRCC.
- If eligible, claim is referred to the Refugee Protection Division (RPD) of the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) for a hearing.
- Timelines vary, but hearings are usually scheduled within months, though backlogs can cause delays.
3. Costs and Support
- United States 🇺🇸:
- No government fee for asylum applications.
- Legal help is not provided for free; applicants must find their own lawyer or seek help from non-profit organizations.
- TPS applications have a fee (usually several hundred dollars), and applicants must pay for each renewal.
- Canada 🇨🇦:
- No fee to make an asylum claim.
- Some provinces offer legal aid for asylum seekers, but funding varies.
- Canada has invested CAD 1.3 billion over five years to improve its asylum system, but recent cuts to settlement services may affect support for newcomers.
4. What Happens While You Wait?
- United States 🇺🇸:
- Asylum seekers can apply for a work permit after 150 days, but delays are common.
- TPS holders can work and live in the U.S. legally for as long as their country remains designated.
- Many asylum seekers face long waits in detention or under strict supervision.
- Canada 🇨🇦:
- Asylum seekers can apply for a work permit after their claim is found eligible.
- Access to health care and some social services is available.
- Most are allowed to live in the community while waiting for their hearing.
5. Outcomes and Appeals
- United States 🇺🇸:
- If asylum is granted, the person can apply for a green card after one year.
- If denied, the person may be deported but can appeal the decision.
- TPS is temporary and does not lead to permanent residency.
- Canada 🇨🇦:
- If asylum is granted, the person becomes a protected person and can apply for permanent residency.
- If denied, there are limited appeal options, but some can apply for a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA).
- Canada does not have a TPS program like the U.S., but it sometimes offers temporary public policies for certain groups.
Pros and Cons for Different Situations
United States 🇺🇸 Asylum and TPS
Pros:
– Large immigrant communities and support networks.
– TPS allows people from certain countries to live and work legally, even if they do not qualify for asylum.
– Asylum can lead to permanent residency and citizenship.
Cons:
– Asylum process is slow, with long backlogs and wait times.
– TPS can end suddenly, leaving people at risk of deportation.
– Stricter border enforcement and recent policy changes have made it harder to enter or stay.
– No free legal help; many struggle to afford lawyers.
Canada 🇨🇦 Asylum
Pros:
– Asylum process is generally faster and more predictable.
– If granted, leads directly to permanent residency.
– Access to health care and some social services while waiting.
– Legal aid is available in some provinces.
Cons:
– Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) blocks most people from claiming asylum at official border crossings if they come from the U.S.
– Crossing at unofficial points is risky and can lead to being sent back within 14 days under new rules.
– Recent cuts to settlement services may make it harder to find help.
– Fewer large immigrant communities compared to the U.S.
Special Considerations for Migrants in 2025
The sharp increase in migrants seeking asylum in Canada 🇨🇦 from the United States 🇺🇸 is directly linked to the end of TPS for over 500,000 people and stricter U.S. border enforcement. Many of these migrants are from Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. As reported by VisaVerge.com, the number of asylum claims at the Quebec border has jumped by up to 400% in some areas, with over 1,300 claims in March 2025 alone at just one crossing.
The expansion of the STCA in 2023 now covers the entire land border, making it harder for people to claim asylum in Canada 🇨🇦 if they pass through the United States 🇺🇸 first. However, legal experts and advocates question whether the U.S. is still a “safe” country for asylum seekers, given recent deportations and policy changes.
Recommendations for Specific Circumstances
1. Migrants Losing TPS in the United States 🇺🇸
- If you have lost TPS and fear returning to your home country: You may consider seeking asylum in the United States 🇺🇸 if you have not already done so. However, be aware of long wait times and the need for strong evidence.
- If you are thinking about moving to Canada 🇨🇦: Check if you qualify for an exception under the STCA. If not, crossing at an unofficial point is risky and could lead to being sent back to the U.S. within 14 days under the expanded agreement.
2. Families and Vulnerable Individuals
- Canada 🇨🇦 may be a better option if you can legally enter and claim asylum, as the process is generally faster and leads to permanent residency. However, make sure you understand the risks of irregular crossings.
- The United States 🇺🇸 offers TPS only for certain countries, and this status can end suddenly. Asylum is possible but slow and uncertain.
3. People Already in the United States 🇺🇸
- Apply for asylum as soon as possible if you qualify, especially if you have lost TPS or face deportation.
- Seek legal advice from trusted organizations or lawyers. The process is complex, and mistakes can lead to denial or removal.
4. People Already in Canada 🇨🇦
- File your asylum claim quickly and gather all documents that show why you need protection.
- Use available settlement services for help with housing, language, and legal aid, though funding may be limited.
Decision-Making Framework
When choosing between seeking asylum in the United States 🇺🇸 or Canada 🇨🇦, or relying on Temporary Protected Status, consider these questions:
- Do you qualify for asylum in either country? Review the requirements carefully.
- Is your country of origin currently eligible for TPS in the United States 🇺🇸? Check the latest list on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security website.
- Can you legally enter Canada 🇨🇦 and claim asylum, or do you risk being sent back under the STCA?
- Do you have family or support networks in either country?
- Are you prepared for possible long waits and limited support services?
- Do you have access to legal help? This is critical for both systems.
Practical Guidance and Next Steps
- Stay informed: Immigration policies change quickly. Check official government websites for the latest updates. For Canada, visit the IRCC asylum page. For the U.S., see the USCIS asylum page.
- Gather documents: Collect all records that show your identity, your story, and why you need protection.
- Seek help: Contact legal aid organizations, community groups, or settlement agencies for support.
- Consider your options carefully: Each path has risks and benefits. What works for one person may not work for another.
Conclusion
The choice between seeking asylum in the United States 🇺🇸 or Canada 🇨🇦, or relying on Temporary Protected Status, is more complicated than ever in 2025. U.S. policy changes have pushed many migrants to look north, but Canada’s own rules—especially the expanded Safe Third Country Agreement—make entry difficult for many. Both countries offer protection, but the requirements, timelines, and support systems are different. By understanding these differences and thinking carefully about your own situation, you can make the best choice for yourself and your family. Always use official resources and seek trusted legal help before making any decisions about your future.
Learn Today
Asylum → Legal protection for people fearing persecution due to race, religion, or political opinion in their home country.
Temporary Protected Status (TPS) → U.S. status allowing people from unsafe countries to live and work temporarily in the U.S.
Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) → Agreement requiring asylum seekers to apply in the first safe country they arrive in between U.S. and Canada.
Refugee Protection Division (RPD) → Canadian tribunal that holds hearings to decide asylum claims’ outcomes.
Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA) → Canadian process that assesses risks before deporting someone who was denied asylum.
This Article in a Nutshell
In 2025, many migrants face tough choices: stay in the U.S. under ending TPS or seek faster asylum in Canada. Despite legal hurdles, Canada’s asylum process leads to permanent residency faster. Both countries offer protections with different timelines, costs, and risks, requiring migrants to weigh options carefully for safety and stability.
— By VisaVerge.com
