Liberals adopt stronger caps on immigration to stabilize by 2027

(CANADA) The Liberal Party of Canada, led by Mark Carney, said it will hold firm on new immigration caps and phase in sharp reductions to both permanent and temporary intakes through 2027, marking a clear shift after months of rising concern over housing, public services and rapid post-pandemic population growth. Carney, the incoming prime minister, said the caps will stay until the government can show pressure has eased.

“Immigration caps will remain in place until we’ve expanded housing, and we’ve reabsorbed the levels of immigration that have happened in our country [during the pandemic],” he said during a campaign stop.

The party’s 2025 platform promises to stabilize the annual flow of new permanent residents at less than 1% of Canada’s population beyond 2027, a break from recent years when targets moved toward 500,000 a year. With Canada’s population at 41.5 million in 2025, the Liberals set targets of 395,000 permanent admissions in 2025, 380,000 in 2026, and 365,000 in 2027, aligning immigration with available housing and services instead of chasing record totals. The party says the aim is stability, not a freeze, but the numbers represent a decisive step down from the prior trajectory.

Temporary residents—international students and foreign workers—have grown even faster than permanent admissions over the last several years, and they now sit at the center of the new plan. As of January 2025, temporary residents accounted for 7.25% of the population, or 3.02 million people. The government plans to cut that share to below 5% by the end of 2027, a reduction that will directly affect colleges, employers, and the families who depend on these programs to stay in Canada. The Liberals argue that temporary streams were expanded too quickly during the recovery from Covid-19, stretching housing markets and local services beyond what provinces and cities could absorb.

Outgoing Prime Minister Justin Trudeau acknowledged the missteps that led to this turn.

“In the tumultuous times as we emerged from the pandemic, between addressing labour needs and maintaining population growth, we didn’t get the balance quite right.”

He called the new approach a “course correction” to “stabilize” the immigration system. The comments reflect a rare public reckoning from a government that had championed higher immigration as a driver of growth, but now says it will hold the line while building the capacity to support new arrivals.

The Liberal Party argues that recalibration does not mean retreat. The platform’s commitment to permanent admissions below 1% of population beyond 2027 still puts Canada among the most open countries in the G7. But the numbers have real bite. The 2027 target of 365,000 is 135,000 below the previously discussed ceiling of 500,000 and will ripple through every program that contributes to permanent resident numbers, from the economic streams to family reunification. Officials say each step down is deliberate: 2025 at 395,000, 2026 at 380,000, 2027 at 365,000, followed by a long-run ceiling that tracks Canada’s population size, not political pressure or short-term labour gaps.

On temporary residents, the shift began under Marc Miller when he was immigration minister. In 2024 and 2025, Miller imposed a cap on study permit applications and tightened eligibility for Post‑Graduation Work Permits and Spousal Open Work Permits, measures that cut the inflow of students and the number of family members eligible to work. At the time, Miller said the pro-immigration consensus was “under threat,” citing polls that showed public support eroding as rents climbed and emergency rooms filled. Those measures are now embedded in a broader Liberal strategy to use immigration caps to cool demand while provinces and cities add housing and services.

Carney’s pledge to keep caps in place until housing construction catches up presents a new test of discipline for a party that had leaned on immigration to support growth targets and counter aging demographics. The message is unmistakable: if housing supply does not increase, the caps will not come off.

“Immigration caps will remain in place until we’ve expanded housing, and we’ve reabsorbed the levels of immigration that have happened in our country [during the pandemic],” Carney said, reiterating the link between admissions and capacity.

The policy also tries to balance national and regional needs. The platform includes a target to raise francophone immigration outside Quebec to 12% by 2029, up from 8.5% in 2025, an effort to support minority-language communities and address workforce shortages in French-speaking regions. That goal will compete with the drive to lower overall numbers, forcing the government to fine-tune selection to meet language and regional priorities while staying below the national caps.

Political pressure is acute. The Conservative Party, led by Pierre Poilievre, has argued for a steeper reduction in permanent admissions, pointing to the levels set under former prime minister Stephen Harper. Conservatives have floated a range of 240,000 to 285,000 permanent residents per year, well below the Liberal Party targets for 2025 to 2027. The Liberals describe their approach as a middle path—sharper than a mere pause but short of the cuts proposed by the opposition—anchored by immigration caps tied to housing and infrastructure realities rather than headline growth figures.

For newcomers already in Canada, the impact will vary. Those on study permits may find fewer paths to work after graduation as PGWP rules tighten and fewer employers secure Labour Market Impact Assessments for foreign workers. Families planning to sponsor relatives could face longer waits if departmental resources are shifted to economic streams to meet francophone and regional targets within the lower overall quotas. Prospective immigrants abroad will see a more competitive system, with selection criteria weighing language, regional demand, and the needs of essential sectors while staying within the reduced permanent admissions totals.

The government says predictability is the point. By publishing a three-year glide path—395,000 in 2025, 380,000 in 2026, and 365,000 in 2027—the Liberal Party argues that provinces, cities and builders can plan for steady demand rather than chase ever-rising targets. Tying long-term permanent admissions to less than 1% of the population sets an upper bound that could adjust as the population grows but prevents sudden surges like those seen during the post-pandemic rebound. The cap to bring temporary residents below 5% by the end of 2027 provides a hard benchmark to measure progress.

Administratively, the measures lean on tools the federal government controls: allocations in the annual immigration levels plan for permanent residents, and ministerial instructions and program design for temporary streams. Marc Miller’s earlier moves—capping study permits and restricting PGWP and Spousal Open Work Permit eligibility—are the template for managing temporary numbers. Provinces will have a say through provincial nominee programs, but the overall ceiling for permanent admissions and the temporary resident share will be set in Ottawa. Details on target allocations by stream are normally released as part of the annual IRCC immigration levels plan, the document that drives admissions for the year.

The signal to the housing market is explicit. By making immigration caps contingent on expanded supply, the Liberal Party is betting that builders, provinces and municipalities will accelerate approvals and construction. Advocates for higher immigration worry that caps will reduce labour supply in construction and care sectors just as they need more workers. But the Liberals counter that unsustainably rapid arrivals have outpaced capacity, and that stabilizing permanent admissions while cutting temporary inflows is necessary to restore public confidence.

Trudeau’s acknowledgment of overreach—“we didn’t get the balance quite right”—captures the political challenge. Voters angry about rents and mortgages see immigration caps as a simple lever to pull, but the reality is more complex: Canada depends on newcomers to fill jobs and offset aging, yet services and housing have lagged far behind. The decision to set clear ceilings for both permanent admissions and temporary residents is the government’s attempt to reconcile those forces in a way that the public will accept.

The next test will be execution. Getting temporary residents from 7.25% of the population to under 5% within three years requires continued restraint on study permits, tighter work-permit pathways, and coordination with provinces that rely on international students to fund colleges. Meeting the francophone target of 12% outside Quebec by 2029 while cutting overall numbers will demand sharper selection and outreach. And sticking to permanent resident targets—395,000 in 2025, 380,000 in 2026, 365,000 in 2027—will require discipline if labour shortages flare or if political pressure pushes in the other direction.

For now, Carney has set the course: caps stay on until housing expands and the surge of the past few years is absorbed.

“Immigration caps will remain in place until we’ve expanded housing, and we’ve reabsorbed the levels of immigration that have happened in our country [during the pandemic],” he said.

With temporary residents at 3.02 million as of January 2025 and permanent admissions poised to fall each year through 2027, the Liberal Party is asking Canadians to judge its plan not by ambition, but by whether stability returns. Trudeau called it a “course correction” to “stabilize” the system; the next three years will show whether those words can hold against the pull of population growth and the realities of housing and services.